Old Kingdom Science and Technology

During the Old Kingdom of Egypt, the science and technology was still developing and improving. The study of science and medicine were closely linked to religion as seen in many of the ancient rituals. The "pouring" and "anointing" we see in so many Egyptian works is the application of electromagnetic forces and not the application of actual fluids.

Much of this was linked with 'magic' of some sort - as many unexplained things did occur. These were often considered miracles. They considered alchemy a science, perhaps the science of immortality eternal life.Alchemy as a transition metal both physical and metaphysical would take many turns in the millennia that would follow. Transition metals turning base metals into gold and alchemy of consciousness moving from physical reality to that of higher frequency. Alchemy in ancient Egypt was about Magic, Magicians, Priests, Thoth and Hermes who were Merlin and later Zoroaster (Magi) the magicians who created a reality based on electromagnetic energies duality polarity magnets magic mathematical patterns that repeat in the spiralling concept of time.

Scenes depict scientists of that timeline able to work in fields of alchemy, biology, chemistry, dentistry, anaesthesiology, air flight, and the electromagnetic energies of the Great Pyramid among other sacred sites - how that link together and to the sacred geometry that forms our universe. The earliest physician whose name has been recorded, Imhotep," was the wazir of Djoser, founder of the Third Dynasty, in the thirtieth century. Imhotep was a learned man, astronomer, and physician.In later times he was worshiped as a hero, as a blameless physician, and later still as the god of medicine, the prototype of Asclepios (even as the learned God Thoth was the prototype of Hermes and Mercury).

We know precious little about Imhotep's medical knowledge but his apotheosis is significant and we may well take him at the Egyptian valuation as the first great man in medicine. That would improve their perspective of ancient science. Not only were there many physicians in the Pyramid Age, but there were very specialized ones.The skill of an early dentist is beautifully illustrated by a mandible found in a tomb of the Fourth Dynasty (2900-2750), in which an alveolar process was pierced to drain an abscess under the first molar. From the tombstone of Iry, chief physician to a pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty (2625-2475), we learn that he was also "palace eye physician" and "palace stomach bowel physician" and bore the titles "one understanding the internal fluids" and "guardian of the anus. The study of pottery has become very useful, especially in the search for chronological clues and trade contacts.

The study of botanical (plant) and faunal (animal) remains can show us how people in the Old Kingdom lived - which plants they cultivated, which animals they bred, and what they ate. In the beginning of the Old Kingdom a remarkable advancement in architecture, technology and building methods can be observed. It was King Djoser from the Third Dynasty who introduced Egypt with the first step pyramid.This pyramid was the first building to have been completely built of stone. The architect of the step pyramid was Imhotep. Imhotep's artistic architectural innovations and with the pyramids being the main image of the Old Kingdom, they were also seen as a symbol indicating that Egypt was powerful and wealthy.

The enormous size of the step pyramid complex clearing was an indication that Egypt was wealthy enough to maintain and feed a large work force. During the end of the Third Dynasty we see a change in pyramid building.It is believed that the first square shaped pyramid, known as the Meydum pyramid, was begun by King Huni and then later completed by his successor King Sneferu of the fourth Dynasty. This change in architectural design is considered to be the reason for a break in the dynasties. King Sneferu had built two other pyramids located at Dahshur; one known as the Bent pyramid and the second pyramid known as the Red Pyramid.

These pyramids became known as the true pyramids of Ancient Egypt and symbolized the ultimate divine destiny of the Pharaoh.One of the greatest pyramids ever built was during reign of King Khufu. King Khufu whose full name was Khnum-Khufu (The God Khnum Protects Me) was the second king of the Fourth Dynasty. The Great Pyramid is located on the Giza plateau and is King Khufu's greatest achievements. Surrounding the Great Pyramid are several mastabas that were built for King Khufu's officials. One of these mastabas belonged to a high priest and within his tomb there were painted images of daily life and offering scenes, providing him with the things needed for the afterlife.

The purpose for burying officials close to the king was to guarantee they would provide for the king in the afterlife and to secure themselves for a better life in the after world. It is believed that the pyramids of the Old Kingdom served as a "residence for the king's Ka and where it housed his viscera. It is also believed that the pyramid served as a role in the king's jubilee festival in the afterlife. " It was during the Fourth Dynasty that the internal organs were removed and embalmed during mummification.

Throughout the Old Kingdom only the royal families and court favorites were mummified. Unlike the poor who were buried in sand pits and left to be dried out, the elite were able to establish themselves with a more impressive type of burial. They had coffins and underground burial chambers that were to serve in their memory. The elites of this period were also buried with servant statues which were believed to serve them in the afterlife.