The process of cloning involves the use of cell mass division this is when an embryo is split as a twin for biopsy; it should be intact even in the application of persistent procedures, which is used for the treatment of fertility.
Cloning can create identical copies of the similar genotype but cannot produce an exact identity of the same individual person.Considering our knowledge of comparing identical twins they are separate individuals that demonstrates their have their own character. To prohibit the creation of clones using the procedure of cell mass division is the important ethical issue that will be morally justifiable, like if it will disagree with a woman to have the chance of having the child she dreadfully likes.Professor Kass disputes that in vitro fertilization and other assisted reproductive technologies that place the foundation of human life factually in human hands have led to the attrition of respect continuing for the obscurity of sexuality and human regeneration in this view to permit human cloning would be a radical further step in the weakening of human respect for the understanding of sexual union and would lead to the surrogating of procreation by manufacturing a human clone. He believes that human reproductive cloning should not be practiced.It is unsafe and likely to be unsuccessful.
He support the panel of researchers to generally supports the suggestion that there should a lawfully enforceable prohibition on the practice of human reproductive cloning having the position in a uterus of a human blastocyst which results from the method that we call nuclear transplantation. In attaining this conclusion we considered carefully the significant scientific and medical issues including the record from cloning of other species and the typical issues that are connected with evaluating all research concerning human participants.Finally the scientific and medical considerations that justify a veto on human reproductive cloning at this time are not applicable on nuclear transplantation to manufacture stem cells because of its considerable possible for developing new medical therapies for life threatening diseases and advancing basic knowledge, the panel also supports the conclusion that agree to National Academies report that suggested that biomedical investigation using nuclear transplantation to create stem cells. The panel has based it supports for the future ban on human reproductive cloning on the following findings:The scientific and medical criteria used to assess the safety of reproductive cloning should consider the potential morbidity and death of the woman carrying the clone and as a fetus and of the unborn child and the risk to women donating the eggs. Statistics on the reproductive cloning of animals through the use of nuclear transplantation technology reveal that only small proportion of attempts are successful that a lot of of the clones die throughout gestation even in the late stages, that new born are frequently abnormal or die, and that the method may carry severe risks for the mother.Because of the great number of eggs required for such experiment many more women would be out in the open to the menace of inherent capability in egg donation for a particular cloning attempt than for the reproduction of a child by the presently used (IVF) techniques.
These medical and scientific results show us the information to conclude that the procedures are now risky for humans.The issues of responsible conduct of research raised by the prospects of cloning, those persons on medical ethics in particular should always consider the protection of the participants (the egg giver, the host mother and the child formed through cloning) in any human research. Participants in any human cloning research participants although it should be renowned that as with fetal surgery this protection cannot be extended complete to the cloned fetus. Human reproductive cloning has not been performed before and its introduction would oblige systematic research.The word clone when we take knew it refers to the procedure of creating a clone, there are two different processes that can produce clones: the first one is splitting the embryo, a naturally taking place occurrence that produces identical twins, the latter one is nuclear transfer this was the method used to create Dolly the sheep .
When we take the word clone as noun it can refer to either the original animal or the ‘copy’. To make it simpler let us call the previous one a ‘progenitor’ and ‘clone’ for the latter.Cloning is the creation of new life from a single parent, and is a type of asexual reproduction. For other plants and animals it is the natural way for them to reproduce but not for mammals because they are characterized to reproduce sexually. It has started when the scientist Ian Wilmut introduced to the world the controversial sheep named Dolly the lamb. Dolly is the same compared to other lamb that belongs to its own species in terms of its physical appearance being wooly and unflappable.
But genetically Dolly is different from those species of sheep that is reproduced by their own mother because the said animal came from adult body cells, the first mammal to be cloned. She has aroused the attention of the public, because of her fascinating distinction to other creatures, she was not an offspring of a mother sheep but she came from the cells from an adult sheep and this gives the major difference on how Dolly has been brought out and this because of the technology we called cloning.The process used to clone Dolly is nuclear transfer, wherein the nucleus of a distinct mammary cell from a six year old sheep was inserted into an egg cell which has been emptied of its own nucleus, but is still enclosed by a gel like substance called cytoplasm which functions on reprogramming the incoming nucleus, such procedure is the real sense of cloning by nuclear transfer. When Dolly has existed the technology provides the evidences, since cloning of other species, in which in differentiated cells, the complete body plan has been hidden but survived, has validated it.The story on recounting this incredible experiment has last more that sixty years. It is a story admirable of an enormous novel, full of dreams and disappointments some succeeded, some has failed and even has given couple of scandals.
This innovative and amazing changes has been brought to us by science, where in scientist was perceived as the group leaders or the elite who conducted experiments to obtain tremendous results.The cloning technology applied on animals has became successful as perceived by the public which can lead to more researches that will lead to cloning technology involving human being, it is not far as a condition since we belong to the same group of species as we belong the mammals of the highest form. The beginning of “Recombinant DNA” that pertains to the cloning of genes and the transfer of such genes involving species and individuals, and the fear of the genetic alteration on bacteria that gives the knowledge of inserting the human genes.The mentioned genes can be determined for insulin in a particular bacterium that can be used for human being, which has the disease diabetes.
The public that calls for outright ban for such techniques has opposed this process. If ever there is a country which has the greatest issue on human cloning there will be no other than United States which shows its exceptionality in shaping some of the radical legal measures that are necessary. There are laws that are in result and also those that are now being debated in Congress that is relevant for Americans far away from the cloning concerns.The opposition on the technology of cloning of human beings has lead to fear and understanding and has spawned tremendously and vocal. Such resistance has entrenched in the structure of several highly restrictive state laws and gave its threats to become a federal ban.
It has produced some surprising headlines and disturbing reactions, as the news on its success in using the different animals particularly Dolly, the cloned sheep. Conclusions have ignited every persons mind like a blaze of denunciations and vows to confer a permanent ban to cloningThe involvement of molecular biology being used as a tool by the rich industrial elite for their own concerns, the genetic screening of fetuses in utero belong to a form of genetic engineering called eugenics, the fear of others has been aroused when in vitro fertilization arrived the scene of molecular biology and assumed that such acts already opened the door for human cloning . There are many false presumptions that arise to contradict human cloning; it was concluded that the scientists are engaged in a scheme wherein the technology will finally lead to a quality research that will give enough data to clone human being.Such procedures state that cloning will produce a “super race” but the question is that, can a cloned human being survived outside the laboratory like ordinary human and how can our traditional values survive inside them? The World Health Organization has consider the use of cloning technology for the duplication of human individual as morally intolerable because it will violate some of the fundamental principles which preside over medically assisted reproduction, which includes value for the distinction of human being.The advancement of molecular biology considering its scientific discoveries of the twentieth century being achieved for the past thirty years will always give a considerable public impact. The development of scientific research significantly changed the lives of most of us.
The human genome project is a multinational scientific teamwork which has the objectives of determining the DNA sequence of the whole human genome, when we mention genome it is defined as the sum total of all the DNA of a living being. The said project has given great prospective for the benefit of mankind but may involve considerable risk.The advantage of the said project is the capability to recognize traits that may be associated to heredity disorders. The human genome project will help the progress of the formation of genetically engineered cloned people, as a cloned human we will possess the complete sequence of other person’s complete replica of the sequence of DNA.
It is not easy to understand the cloning techniques; we could basically ask what is cloning anyway? It means many different things in biological research that depends on the situation in which it is used.It is conducted on individual genes, which are commonly cloned to produce single human, plant and animal cells. On the research done which produces Dolly as an entire organism that has been cloned, if a single cell is cloned as an exact replica of that cell that will be produced it is also the same in cloning an entire organism. Today cloning is commonly used in plant breeding and this has given the plant technology the advancement producing good breeds of plants despite of its scarcity and diseases that can be altered using the technology of cloning and they are called varieties.As we understand the basic outcome of sexual reproduction is the recombination of genetic material, which has its disparity to cloning which does not involve recombination but only replication. It is widely accepted that cloning gives its basic significance to biological theory.
Cloning transgenic creatures that are designed to grow material for human transplantation? Cloning a human being? Does cloning mean that men and sex are superseded? Will this procedure save the future endangered species or can obliterate genetic biodiversity?Can we prohibit cloning? These are just few of the questions that would tickle someone’s mind to draw his own philosophy of cloning. A person that is produced by cloning cannot be accepted as an exact copy of an adult human being in many senses. Even in the view of molecular chemistry there would be considered differences though the structure of their DNA structure as similar. Molecules are composed of atoms, which compose enzyme and proteins, from this point; there are minor variations between two embryos.There is an exception for the human organs that can be cloned and this is the brain because it cannot be cloned or copied from a DNA blueprint.
Most significantly, the distinctive growth of the cells of the brain that is associated by his experiences cannot be replicated by cloning. These facts should ease the worries of some people that worry that individuality who are threatened by cloning. The accomplishment of Ian Wilmut was significant, somewhat because it has been successful in producing Dolly the cloned lamb even others has given up.Such results should not be overstated. Our minds cannot be cloned because the experiences and memories that are inside it are preserved for our own identity.
Even a cloned human will not be an ideal copy of his ancestor, there will always be small changes from the smallest part of the cell, and there would be effects on the environment on the older DNA of the parents to be passed to the offspring, until the cloned species like Dolly died.When Dr. Ian Wilmut had cloned Dolly he launches controversy, it produces deliberations and fictional portrayals to the media that made the notion of the clone to be misunderstood. One of it is that human clone is not different and independent individual human being. People have thought that it is still the extension of its parents but it is not because it does not share its parent’s opinion and memories.If a human cloned child come up to this world and he has been aware of the fact that he had been brought into this world merely as a commodity.
A woman does not need a man to clone herself, aside from her DNA she only need an egg and a womb to have her child. In contrast, a man who wanted to clone himself should buy the egg and rent the womb. It was believed that with the presence of cloning technology today it can be abused and it is impossible to prevent someone from cloning without asking prior permission from the person to be cloned.The facts given by scientist were agreed by theologians that a human clone and its DNA would come up to separate and distinct persons who have his own body, mind and soul. Cloning does not upset religious views about death and immortality because even a human is cloned or not he will still die, cloning can only be termed for immortality as stated by theologians in asserting normal reproduction by the way of passing the genetic traits of one person to one’s progeny and this will live on.
As explained by Dr. Wilmut despite the fact that a human can be possibly cloned it will not be the exact person where his genes came from which includes his accomplishment like for example, when Einstein the great scientist was cloned, a cloned Einstein will not be like the former which is a messy professor. Cloning is not the center of the research in biotechnology, though it has gathered most of the publicity, its importance is on the repair of genes to and to cure terrible diseases. Most of the Christian denominations have disregarded the use of cloning in research, but focused their attentions that it can be used to create humans.Some also contest that cloned embryos are likely persons because it is not expected that a cloned cell can be regarded as human. These embryos still require careful management and handling to grow into a fetus.
There is no assurance that they should already be called possible persons, because that is to be accepted therefore, any of our cell can be a potential person. As far as human cloning is concerned it will not offer great benefits to humanity it can also made a reasonable case that it would do any real harm either.
