Apush Notes Chapters 1-6

Chapter1- When Old Worlds Collide: Contact, Conquest, Catastrophe I. Peoples in Motion A.

The United States is a nation of immigrants B. Even Natives of the country are immigrants from different countries who roamed the land as a strange new world. C. From Beringia to the Americas 1. Beringia is a piece of land that was created because of the glaciers that captured all of the water causing a piece of land to form which was then called Beringia. 2.

Berinigia had very tough climates causing the people who live there to have amazing survival skills. 3.The people from Beringia then began to migrate to North America and were the very first humans on North America. 4. The glaciers would recede every once in a while and would allow people to migrate to North America. 5.

This allowed many people to migrate there and would allow them to even reach Tierra del Fuego which is on the southern tip of South America. 6. Asians would migrate in three waves and they spoke a language called Amerind. D.

The great extinction and the Rise of Agriculture 1. Every time the glaciers would recede it would allow them to have an outstanding environment for agriculture and hunting big game. . The superior spear points use had spread throughout North and South America and was called a Clovis tip. 3. The human population had a large rise and with the rise in population came the extinction of large beasts 4.

Since these large beasts were the main source of food the human population once again declined and they had to begin finding alternative food sources. 5. Neolithic is a practice that started due to the fact that they couldn’t depend solely on hunting as a main source of food 6. This practice included the domestication of animals and the beginning of harvesting crops for food. .

The United States would yield many different crops than those of Europe and many other countries. 8. The population again began to increase. E. The Norsemen 1.

Europeans began to trek long distances and some of them began to gaze westward across the ocean. 2. Vikings occupied Iceland in the beginning in A. D.

874. 3. Erik’s Norse occupied Vinland and Greenland but lost them in the 12th century. 4.

The Norse then had no impact on the course of American History II. Europe and the World by the 15th Century A. China: Rejection of Overseas Expansion 1.China under the Ming Dynasty was the world’s most complex culture. 2. Chinese had many inventions including the compass.

3. Most of what Europe new about china came from The Travels of Marco Polo, written by a merchant from Venice. 4. China was under the emperor Kublai Khan for the next 20 years. 5. This Khan was the mightiest man and had a capital city which was the world’s largest and grandest.

6. China did not explore the world because they believed that their culture was the best and that all other cultures had nothing to offer to them. B. Europe versus Islam 1.Europeans desired the fine skills of China and was suffering severe disadvantages.

2. Even though Europe was suffering many disadvantages, they had made impressive gains in the middle ages. 3. 100 million people occupied Europe and the farmers couldn’t keep up when the weather began to get cooler famines began and the Black Death (bubonic plague) began. 4.

This reduced the population by more than 1/3. 5. European societies began to compete with one another in gaining access to these resources and in mastering new maritime and military techniques. C.

The Legacy of the Crusades . Europe had a heritage of expansion that derived from the efforts of the crusaders to conquer the holy land from Islam. 2. After they were driven from the holy land they retreated to the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus, Malta, Crete, and Rhodes, where they used slaves to raise sugar can or grapes. 3. Long before Columbus these planters had created the economic components of overseas expansion.

4. They assumed that colonies should produce a staple crop. 5. They began using slaves but at that time it wasn’t intense labor. D.

The Unlikely Pioneer: Portugal 1.Portugal was a very unlikely country for dramatic expansion. 2. At first they were interested in short term gains rather than in some all water route to Asia. 3.

Several bold captains had sailed around the cape, but none had returned. 4. A member of the Portuguese royal family, prince Henry became head of the crusading order of Christ and used its revenues for expansion and sponsoring 15 voyages. 5. During the 15th century Portugal advanced past all rivals in two major areas the ability to navigate the high seas beyond sight of land, and the capacity to defeat any non European fleet on the worlds oceans. .

The Portuguese also learned how to mount heavy cannon on the decks of their ships. E. Africa, Colonies, and the Slave Trade 1. West Africa was a mostly agricultural area. 2.

The Portuguese founded many offshore colonies along the way. 3. Portugal gained slaves by landing on west African shores 4. Although during the slave trade most slaves that were shipped over to Europe were first enslaved in Africa. 5. Although African slaves were less brutally treated then European slaves.

F. Portugal’s Asian Empire 1.Portuguese exploring gained many profits with gold and slavery so they sponsored a water route to Asia. 2. Da Gama opened up the east for Portugal and to secure trade there they built a series of naval bases.

3. Although they made a very small effort to hold on to eastern colonies so they never gained colonies of settlement. 4. Settlement became a major goal by the late 16th century. G.

Early Lessons 1. The ability to navigate seas is mostly what was gained and did not give a lasting impression of success. 2. Therefore there became an economic impulse for colonization. .

This was before Columbus. 4. Europeans who crossed the ocean were not expecting work because the wealthy back then had to do little physical labor. 5. The discovery of the Americas gave many opportunities to people. III.

Spain, Columbus, and the Americas A. While the Portuguese began their search east Spain began their search west B. The Spaniards devoted barely any time to exploration or colonization. C. Instead they dealt with internal unrest D.

In January 1492 Isabella and Ferdinand completed the recon quest of Spain by taking Granada. E. Columbus 1.Columbus was a navigator who was very talented and was from Genoa 2. His motives were religious and practical. 3.

He had a role in bringing on the millennium. 4. The millennium was the period at the end of history when Jesus would return and rule with his saints for 1000 years. 5. Going on a journey in august 1492 Columbus sailed south to the canaries. 6.

The Spaniards then moved on to San Salvador where they encountered Indians. 7. This voyage had failed and he soon returned for a second voyage. 8. This voyage came with immediate draw backs in 1493 pope issued a bill which divided Spain and Portugal.

. Columbus made 3 more voyages in quest of china and served as governor of the Spanish Indies. F. Spain and the Caribbean 1. Oversea settlements began to acquire momentum as soldiers went on hidalgos. 2.

Hidalgos were assorted adventurers that drifted across the Atlantic. 3. Spaniards continued new world exploration and juan ponce de leon was brought into the picture. 4. He tramped through florida in quest of a legendary fountain of youth.

5. Also during this time hernan cortes sailed from cuba and found the treasure of the Spaniards in mexico. 6.Along this journey he encounters the Aztecs high in a valley of mexico. 7. He also visited the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.

IV. The emergence of complex societies in the Americas. A. The rise of sedentary cultures. 1. After 4000 B.

C agriculture transformed the lives of Indians. 2. Although Indians became completely sedentary, this meant that they were migratory for part of each year. 3. They used a slash and burn system of agriculture which made farming womens work.

4. Most Indians did not own their own set pieces of land. 5. Farming then caused another population surge. 6.

Even though they had a large population they were one of the most complex societies and had enough gold and silver to provide dozens of Europeans with a large amount of fortune. B. The Andes: cycles of complex cultures. 1. Even though there was technology shortages the Indians gained many accomplishments.

2. Monumental architecture began to appear in the Andes very early. 3. Some temples were as old as the ancient Egyptian pyramids. 4.

Chavin culture made up the pre Columbian history in South America. 5. People of this culture planted great crops even the lowest level tiwankens planted cotton. . The Tiwaken Empire was the capital of Lake Titicaca. C.

Inca Civilization 1. Around A. D. 1400 the Incas emerged as the new imperial power in the Andes. D. Mesoamerica: cycles of complex cultures.

1. The olmecs appeared along the gulf coast at about 12000 B. B. and became the parent culture for the region. 2.

Olmec meant people of rubber. 3. The olmec centers had small populations and were too small to sustain armies. 4. But the olmecs were still very advanced and developed some of the earliest writings.

5. They were succeeded by 2 cultures which created cities and studied heaven. . One of these cultures was the mayan culture which took shape mostly in the southern lowlands of yucatan. 7. This culture was very successful and went through a cycle of expansion.

8. This culture also developed some of the first forms of writing. 9. Although the culture began to fall after 50 years after the fall of Teotihuacan. 10. This disrupted mayan trade with mexico.

E. Aztecs and Tenochtitlan. 1. By 1400 there came the Aztecs which gained power in the valley of mexico.

2. They raised their agriculture productivity by creating chinampas which were floating gardens on lakes. . Tenochtitlan gained an alliance with texcoc and tlacopan 2 small lakeside cities. 4. In Mesoamerica human sacrifice was a commonly used ritual F.

North America Mound Builders 1. In A. D. 1700 3 cultures were dwelling and succeeding against each other in North America.

2. These cultures were considered mound building cultures. 3. The oldest one of these mound building cultures came from a preagricultural community. 4. This culture survived 3 phases and the final one as a Mississippian phase between A.

D. 1000 and 1700 5.The city of Cahokia a city near what is today St. Louis was very succesful from A. D. 900 to 1250 and was heavily populated.

G. Urban Cultures of the southwest. 1. Many other complex societies began to show up in North America.

2. The main societies included the Hohokam, Anasazi, and Pueblo. 3. They had very complex irrigation systems that had many canals and produces many crops. 4. The Anasazi were a very amazing society they were a cliff dwelling one and one that produced many amazing artifacts.

V. Contact and Cultural Misunderstanding. A. Religious Dilemmas.

1.