Chapter 12 Study Guide ? 1.
Farm Communities- Farming Families that worked together to accomplish goals otherwise not possible alone. (B) They had opportunities to talk about experiences together, and share news, knowledge, etc. 2. The Shakers- Largest of the communal utopian experiments, emphasized agriculture and handcrafts, l most self-sufficient. (B) Failed because they couldn’t have sex, so no future generations to carry on. 3.
The Mormons- Most successful communitarian experiment, believed in Joseph Smith. B) Kicked out of many areas before they settled in Utah, where they still are today. 4. Transcendentalism-The belief that the physical world is secondary to the spiritual realm. (B) Influenced Brook Farm and American Renaissance. 5.
The American Renaissance- A literary outpouring of philosophical intensity and moral idealism, (B) created a distinctive American work and an outgrowth of European romanticism. 6. Ralph Waldo Emerson- Essayist who preached individualism and self-reliance. (B) Prime mover of the American Renaissance and pillar of the transcendental movement. .
The California Gold Rush- Gold Rush in California started in 1848 when the first gold was found. (B) Started mass migration to California and the western coast from all parts of the world. 8. The California Agricultural Boom- Primarly wheat, the boom started to feed all the miners that came to California. (B) Also influenced migration as well as firmly linking California to the rest of the country.
9. Early Nineteenth-Century Urban Boom- Huge jump in urban population, especially in cites like New York, Baltimore and San Fransico. B) Mostly where immagrints moved to, but large population in dense area created health issues and cities often lacked adequate taxing power to provide services for all. 10. Horace Mann- Secretary of state board education from 1837-1848, Massachusetts led the way.
(B) Established a minimum school year time and formalized the training of teachers. 11. Popular Literature in Early 19th-Century America- Fiction and autobiographies competed with religious tracts as popular literature. (B) Books reflected differences in society, and part of the new leisure century. 2.
The Theater in Early 19th-Century America- Theature was a major attraction that provided a social sphere in which both men and women attended. (B) Offered 27 . Anti-Catholic Sentiment in Early 19th- Century America- Catholics were seen as supporters of the pope, not the constitution, and seen as a source of American problems. (B) 28 . German Immigrants- They were accepted into society, seen as hardworkers. (B) 31.
Black Nationalism- 29. Hispanics in Early 19th-Century America- Hispanics became “immigrants” even though they never really moved anywhere. B) After they lost there land, Hispanics where looked down upon, and maintained there catholic religion. However, they stilled retained influence in areas such as California and Arizona areas.
30. The Negro Convention Movement- Among the early efforts to organize for self-defense, free blacks from 1830-1835 held conventions with delegates drawn from the city and state organizations. They believed they had to come together and support one another to overcome the white men. The Conventions also supported the abolition of slavery and pushed African-American issues.
3. Spectator Sports in Early 19th-Century America- Increasingly urban receation and sparts became more fomal commodities to b e purchased. (B) Started organization of sports leagues and and set rules that are used today. 14. Associations and Clubs in Early 19th-Century America- Clubs joined to find people similar to themselves to associate themselves with.
(B) Part of the new rise in population in cities that started the clubs, but the clubs also formalized divisions. 15.The Bowery Boys and Bowery Gals- A youth culture that was seen negatively by older New Yorkers because they did non-traditional actions such as having a girlfriend around the boys arm. (B) Part of the new culture that was developing, challenging tradition. 16.
Urban Riots- Competition for jobs turned violent on the city streets, especially in the 1830s, where they were seen as a common site. (B) Reflected tension is society, as well as hired policemen started showing up. 17. Alexis de Tocqueville- A French traveler that visited the United States, (B) his recordings are a great insight of what happened back then.
8. The New Aristocracy of wealth and power- Some people became filthy rich from the new businesses in the north, and cotton in the south. (B) Created the elite group and set gap between classes further. 19.
The Urban Poor- Lived in horrible housing, poverty, chronic illness, disability old age, widowhood and desertion. (B) Part of the new, distinct class divisions. 20. New York City’s Five Points- Area of New York where the urban poor settled.
(B) Reflected how the urban poor lived , e. g, one-thousand people living in one building, the Old Brewery. 1. The Urban Middle Class- Small in numbers, they were the city businessmen, traders, processionals in the market economy. (B) Part of the new distinct class structure, and also were part of the new leisure system and formed the backbone of clubs and societies in America. 22.
The Declining Birth Rate in Early 19th Century America- Less people were having kids because the market economy brought economic insecurity and altered family life, where kids were no longer necessarily seen as an assets, but money to be spent on. 23.Abortion in Early 19th- Century America- If all else failed, women resorted to abortion, especially after th 1830s. (B) States began to regulate abortion, and private matters such as birth control became public discussions. 24.
Lousa Mary Alcott- An unmarried women who managed to pursue careers and lives defined by female relationships. (B) Part of the new population of single men and women. 25. Castle Garden- An immigrant center at the tip of Manhattan island. (B) New York’s response to wave of immigrants, assisting new arrivals. 26.
Irish Immigrants- Due to Irelands great famine, large waves of Irish poured into U. S. (B) Not considered white due to new racial ideas during the era. 13 1) Pierce Butler a) Grandson of Major Pierce Butler, a framer of the Constitution; had plantation of 1500 acres worked by over 800 slaves b) Blew money on speculation, gambling; held largest slave auction in American history of 436 to pay off debts 2) population distribution in the antebellum South a) population density low because space needed for cotton farming, biracial society of inequality and a lack of real jobs ) difficult to create services and organizations where there are few people; south lagged behind as a result 3) proslavery arguments in the antebellum South a) whites being intellectual, blacks physical, God destined slavery, helping out uncivilized blacks, etc.
b) racist argumentation in attempts to justify slavery, affects thinking even to this day 4) yeoman farmers a) white farmers without slaves, individuals who planted own food; isolated, self-reliant b) worked hard and upheld communal values, accounted for up to three quarters of white southern families ) John F. Flintoff a) Yeoman who wanted to become rich slaveholding cotton planter, kept diary of his attempts b) Demonstrated that one could move in and out of slaveholding, he could not achieve cotton planter class 6) Ferdinand L. Steel a) Young man who tried to enter market economy, failed, and ended up becoming a minister b) More typical yeoman, never came close to owning a slave and at the mercy of markets 7) landless whites of the antebellum South a) unskilled laborers who owned no land, worked for others in towns, aspired to save up, buy land, and become yeomen ) poor and sickly, harsh lifestyle; no wealth because no land nor slaves; victims of market economy dominated by cotton producers with slave labor free blacks of the antebellum South a) lived in conditions little better than the slaves; labored alongside slaves for money b) discriminated and oppressed, some worked to buy their family but could not free them; few became successful enough to do so 9) slaveholding planters of the antebellum South a) top of social pyramid, lived well in comfortable farmhouses; most owned few slaves, were aspiring farmers 88% less than 20 slaves ) not as opulent or grand as legend, many just humble farmers trying to become wealthy 10) Bennet Barrow a) Newly rich planter in 1840s preoccupied with moneymaking b) Treated his animals, crops better than his slaves; generally an antagonist 11) southern paternalism a) used by slaveholding men to justify dominance over white women and black slaves b) viewed themselves as custodians of welfare, benefactor of an “inferior” race; comforted them even amongst the terrible realities, served as defense against abolitionist criticism 12) Paul Carrington Cameron ) North Carolina’s largest slaveholder b) Suffered from southern paternalism mentality, became angered when blacks wanted freedom, and turned blacks off his land, invested in industry 13) women of the planter class in the antebellum South a) trained to be good wives, could not question society’s rules; had to commit to man in a short time based on family’s wishes b) ceded legal rights on marriage, alienated and emotionally unfulfilled; sought refuge in extended families, female connections; endured many problems 14) southern slaves ) had lives of toil, poverty, and resentment; only had basic necessities, and even then, not enough of them b) crowded, unsanitary conditions; children without clothing or shoes became symbolic of slave status 15) slaves’ work routines a) long work hours and work gangs, often after sundown; from “sun to sun”; pregnant women included b) “blood transformed into gold”; paternalism gave way to sheer profitmaking 16) the task system a) system where work was assigned in measured amounts of time to be performed, embraced by both slave and master ) gave incentives to slaves; allowed free time to better own lives; gave slaves false sense of property ownership 17) the slave-master relationship a) some warm feelings; mostly distrust and antagonism; kind acts were often minimal b) saw through acts of kindness as “maintaining property” or cultivating investments; suspicion often grew into hatred 18) slave culture a) clothing, music, dances, and other expression to help keep African traditions alive b) Provided slaves with a sense of their separate past; as more and more slaves were becoming American born in the 1830s 19) slaves’ religion ) fashioned Christianity into religion of support and resistance; for group and individual salvation; caring about their souls and their plight b) new ways of worship emerged, that focused on a higher being “possessing” people and making them more lively; chanting sermons 20) slave traders a) businessmen who travelled and did their best to market their slaves; practical b) mixed racism and business; considered degraded by slaveowners, but still traded with nonetheless 21) slave resistance and rebellion a) resisted masters covertly by slacking, sabotage, and stealing; some attacked whites or harmed them covertly ) severe consequences for violent actions; some forms of resistance backfired and became stereotypes for African Americans 22) Denmark Vesey a) Born to slavery in Caribbean, won $1500 lottery, bought his freedom, became preacher b) Attempted to create an uprising in Charleston in 1822; failed and tried 23) Nat Turner a) Son of slave woman who hated master, learned to read, study Bible; became eloquent preacher b) Led uprising that killed 60 whites; whites killed 200 plus slaves in retaliation; stricter slave education and religion laws applied 24) the Virginia debate on slavery of 1832 ) came in response to the uprisings in its state; debated gradual emancipation as a method of getting rid of slavery and blacks b) lost 73 to 58; Virginia only reinforced its defenses of slavery 25) Samuel Fleming-William Waightstill Avery affair a) North Carolina; Fleming flogged Avery in public; Avery retaliated by shooting Fleming dead in front of spectators to redeem his honor b) Jury easily found Avery not guilty, standing ovation; showed the grip that the Code Duello had on the south, the need for men to protect their honor through violence 6) democratic reform movements in the antebellum South a) yeomen’s resentment grew, challenged pretensions of the planters b) reformers got a more open government that could pose trouble for the wealthy slaveowners, but helped the yeomen 27) white workers’ protests in the antebellum South a) in bad times, artisans protested black artisans, tried to keep them from entering trades but failed b) harsh restrictions placed on free African American laborers; wealthy whites worried that they lacked the support of the nonslaveholders
