Computer Simulation review

.. ions (space, air, and ground).

At a minimum, the simulation must account for the following weather elements: cloud amount and height, visibility, restrictions to visibility (e.g. precipitation, fog, smoke, dust and sand), precipitation accumulation, surface wind direction and speed, temperature, relative humidity, altimeter setting, and solar and lunar light data. These weather elements must be allowed to range from tropical to arctic regions, to vary over the geographic area of interest, and to change as often as hourly.

In addition, wind direction and speed and temperature in a vertical profile up to 70,000 feet must be allowed to impact Nuclear Biological and Chemical NBC) weapons with changes incorporated at least twice per day. (iii) Terrain.The simulation must provide a level of resolution of terrain such that tactical considerations of terrain analysis and the dynamic effects of man-made or natural occurrences (e.g. bomb craters, minefields, battle damage on roads, the obstacle effect of rivers, hydrography, and weather) as considered during Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (IPB) will affect the battle. The minimum acceptable tactical considerations include the following areas: the impact of line-of-sight (to include sonar and electromagnetic spectrum considerations of concealment, thermal, optical and radar visibility, and signal site emplacement) between potential interactors whether they be sensors or weapon systems, air, ship, or ground mounted; the ability of terrain to support the movement of personnel, vehicles and units over time, and the accurate portrayal of the location of natural and man-made obstacles.

The outcomes of the simulated events must be sensitive to changes in the weather (described above in paragraph 4.a.(1)(a)(ii)) as it affects terrain. (iv) Time.

The simulation must be capable of running faster than real time to a pre-defined point in time or an event, while requiring minimal input, and providing summarized output.Users must be able to "age" the simulation to accommodate a training scenario that describes actions in the midst of a campaign. The senior controller must be able to have the simulation start, stop/interrupt, rollback to any specified point in scenario, restart from a given point or the initial conditions and conduct concurrent replay. The senior controller must have the capability to change any attributes of the simulated entities or the game characteristics at any time.

(b) Conditions and Constraints. (i) Scenarios.The goal is for the simulation to portray events that could arise from scenarios based on any point in the operational continuum. At a minimum, requirements are for scenarios for war in Europe, Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia and Korea and for operations other than war in these locations as well as Central and South America and Africa.

(ii) Fidelity. The simulation must allow commanders and battle staffs to do their tasks under the conditions and standards outlined in the Army Training and Evaluation Program Mission Training Plans (MTPs) for command groups and staff referenced in Appendix 1 to Annex A. (iii) Level of Detail. The simulation must be able to portray a level of detail that captures the effects of individual entities on the battle, e.

g., single weapon platform, emitter, and sensor systems. Entities that operate near each other as cohesive units can be portrayed in aggregated units from team to battalion that represent the normal mode of employment.Individual, low-density, entities that operate in a geographically dispersed mode must be portrayed as they are employed, e.g., signal nodes, radars, jammers, missile and rocket systems, engineer obstacle systems, and individual surveillance and laser designation systems.

All systems will be portrayed using performance data appropriate to the level of classification of the exercise. (iv) Reports. The simulation must provide feedback to the training unit by sending reports of simulated events. These reports must be formatted in a doctrinally correct fashion and occur in a time-appropriate banner.

The reports must not reveal all of ground truth but reflect that information that the simulated unit would reasonably know given its status, time removed from the reported incident, and deployed intelligence assets. (v) Human Factors. The simulation must portray the effects of operations on the human condition as it relates to combat effectiveness. At a minimum, the simulation must consider unit morale and cohesion, time subject to hostile actions, availability of religious support, unit attrition rate over time, weather, and operational tempo. (vi) Simulated Mistakes.

The simulation must cause simulated entities to "make mistakes" based on a predetermined level of training and a variable combat effectiveness determined by human factors .The mistakes should be of two types: mistakes in actions taken and mistakes in actions reported. Mistakes in actions taken fall along the lines of getting lost e.g., arriving at or attacking the wrong location, delivering the improper quantities of supplies, or delivering the wrong supplies.

These types of mistakes will change the ground truth of the simulation. Along with reports that are accurate but incomplete, other reports will contain information that is different from ground truth. These mistakes in reporting will occur when a simulated unit makes a report to the training unit that conflicts with ground truth in the simulation. These mistaken reports will not change ground truth.

The simulation must have the ability to provide the correct information if challenged for confirmation. The level of training and combat effectiveness must change over exercise time with a corresponding change in the number of mistakes. The senior trainer must have the capability to cause a simulated unit to make specific mistakes during the exercise. The senior trainer must be able to easily adjust the severity and frequency of simulated mistakes during an exercise to include being able to set the level to zero, in effect turning off the mistakes. The senior trainer and the After Action Review systems must have access to both ground truth and mistakes data.

(vii) Surrounding Units.Training units, to include combat, combat support, and combat service support units that support maneuver brigades, must be able to interact with the simulation without the presence of any other units. This will require the simulation to emulate forward, flank and rear units, supported and supporting units, as well as the next higher and lower echelon units, that would normally exist on the battlefield, but are not present for the particular training event. The simulation must be able to portray dynamic scenario and event dependent intelligence and reports concerning the activities of these units as well as their requests for information and resources from the training units. (viii) Multi-Level Input/Output.

The simulation must be able to accommodate an exercise where different levels (division, igade, battalion) are interacting with the simulation.Each level must be able to train using the simulation by issuing only its normal orders and instructions to the simulation while receiving only its normal reports and data from all sources. The simulation must receive and present its information in the format and level of detail appropriate to the training unit. The simulation-provided information must not always be 100 percent accurate. The information should at times contain errors that one could expect to obtain in a realistic setting.

Bibliography: WARSIM 2000, The Few, The Proud, The.. hey theyre not there! Article #45, SIRS Encyclpaedias, Applied Science, 1994.